Journal: Molecular Cancer
Article Title: The anti-diabetic PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone inhibits cell proliferation and induces metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer
doi: 10.1186/s12943-025-02320-y
Figure Lengend Snippet: PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone reprograms primary and metastatic PCa cell metabolism and induces an epithelial phenotype in 22RV1 cells. a Workflow scheme for metabolic assessment based on the Seahorse assay, NRM untargeted metabolomics, and radiotracer cell uptake of 22RV1 and PC3 cells upon PPAR agonist Bezafibrate, Tesaglitazar, and Pioglitazone treatment (24 hours, 100 µM, vehicle control = 0.2 % DMSO). b Metabolic profile of 22RV1 and PC3 cells comparing basal oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) calculated from fourth basal timepoint before Oligomycin injection. c, d, e Mitochondrial stress-induced OCR ( c ), ATP production ( d ) and ECAR in 22RV1 cells under control culture conditions and PPAR agonist treatment ( e ). Oligomycin was used as an inhibitor of ATP synthase/complex V, FCCP for maximal respiration by chemical uncoupling of the mitochondrial membrane gradient, and Rotenone Antimycin A (R/A) for non-mitochondrial respiration by complex I and III inhibition. f, g, h Mitochondrial stress-induced OCR responses ( f ), ATP production ( g ), and ECAR in PC3 cells ( h ) as described for 22RV1 cells. i, j, k Glycolysis test in 22RV1 after glucose and pyruvate starvation and treatment of PPAR agonists, as described above. Glucose injection after starvation serves as a measure for glycolysis, Oligomycin as the remaining contribution of OXPHOS to cellular energy production, and 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) for non-glycolytic ECAR contribution. ECAR profiles upon glucose injection following 75 minutes of glucose and pyruvate starvation ( i ), normalized glycolysis of 22RV1 cells treated with PPAR agonists ( j ), and normalized OCR ( k) . l, m, n Glycolysis tests in PC3 cells as described for 22RV1 cells ( i, j, k) . o Score plot of partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model for bucketed NMR spectral data from 22RV1 (left; the model parameters for the two components fitted were as follows: R2Y = 0.498, Q2Y = 0.301) and PC3 cell extracts (right; the model parameters for the three components fitted were as follows: R2Y = 0.696, Q2Y = 0.499) treated with PPAR agonists as described above. p Relative abundance of short-chain fatty acids, resulting from the untargeted metabolomics of PPAR agonist treated 22RV1 (left) and PC3 cells. q [ 18 F]FTHA uptake after 24 hours of treatment with each PPAR agonist in 22RV1 and PC3 cells. r Western Blot analysis of mTOR, phospho mTOR (Ser2448), AMPKα, phospho AMPKα (Thr172), E-Cadherin, and Vimentin expression in control and PPAR agonist treated 22RV1 and PC3 cells, β-Actin was used as a loading control. One representative experiment of the Seahorse assay profile is shown. Significance was evaluated by one-way ANOVA (ns = not significant p > 0.05, * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, **** p ≤ 0.0001). Data are representative of the means ± SD biological triplicates
Article Snippet: Rabbit polyclonal phospho mTOR (Ser2448) , Cell Signaling , #2971.
Techniques: Control, Injection, Membrane, Inhibition, Western Blot, Expressing